The lifting industry uses a variety of chain types, including high-strength lifting chains as well as chains designed for pulling, lashing, and hoisting. In this article, we focus specifically on lifting chains, which must meet strict safety and performance requirements.
To understand today's lifting chains, it's worth looking back around 35 years. At that time, high-strength lifting chains were not yet widely available. Most lifting chains were manufactured in accordance with DIN and NEN standards and required periodic stress-relief heat treatment to reduce internal stresses in the steel. This requirement still applies to certain lifting components, such as DIN 580 and DIN 582 eyebolts.
One of the first manufacturers to introduce Grade 80 lifting chains was Parsons Chain Company (Kuplex). The grade indicates the strength of the chain and therefore determines its Working Load Limit (WLL). Higher-grade chains provide greater strength and lifting capacity while maintaining the same chain dimensions.
Are you unsure whether your lifting chains are still safe to use?
At Mennens, we're happy to inspect your chain slings and advise you on the right solution for your application.
High-Strength Steel Lifting Chains
In the years that followed, almost all manufacturers adopted Grade 80 lifting chains. Grade 80 is covered by a European standard, ensuring that users know exactly what to expect. The Working Load Limit (WLL) and the technical specifications are standardised across manufacturers.
Around ten years ago, several manufacturers introduced Grade 100 lifting chains. These chains are approximately 25% stronger than Grade 80, giving them a higher Working Load Limit. In practice, more and more users are switching to Grade 100 chains. However, unlike Grade 80, Grade 100 is not harmonised under a European standard, so the Working Load Limit and specifications may vary slightly between manufacturers.
There are also Grade 120 lifting chains, but these are still relatively uncommon. The main challenge is material brittleness. As steel becomes stronger, it also becomes less ductile, making it more difficult to achieve the right balance between strength and toughness.
Chain Wear
The term chain sling covers more than just the chain itself. It also includes components such as master links, connecting links, shortening devices, and hooks.
Of all lifting equipment, chains are among the most susceptible to wear. On construction sites, for example, chain slings are often left hanging with hooks and other components attached. Continuous movement and contact with surrounding materials accelerate wear over time.
For Grade 80 lifting chains, European standards clearly define how wear should be measured and the criteria for removing a chain from service.
Safe Use of Lifting Chains
When using lifting chains, safety is paramount. Incorrect use can have serious consequences for both operators and nearby personnel. If a heavy load falls unexpectedly, the results can be catastrophic.
Safe lifting starts with selecting the correct chain sling for the application.
Ensure that the chain size, chain grade, and Working Load Limit (WLL) are suitable for the intended lift. The master link must articulate freely within the crane hook, while all hooks must be securely attached to the load and fitted with functioning safety latches.
Every chain sling should be supplied with a valid proof load test certificate, containing all relevant technical information. This documentation is essential for future inspections, maintenance, and certification.
Tips to Prevent Damage and Deformation
To minimise wear and prevent damage to lifting chains:
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Always know the weight of the load and never exceed the stated Working Load Limit (WLL).
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Position the crane hook directly above the load's centre of gravity to achieve a balanced lift. Lift the load slightly off the ground first to confirm that it is stable.
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Avoid shock loading.
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Never load the tip of the hook. The load should always bear in the bowl of the hook.
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When wrapping a chain around a load, protect any sharp edges to prevent damage to the chain.
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Never twist or knot a lifting chain.
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Do not force a chain sling out from beneath a load. If necessary, place the load on timber blocks so the chain can be removed freely.
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After use, chain slings left on the crane hook should be reattached to the master link. Otherwise, store them in a suitable rack designed for lifting equipment.
Inspection and Maintenance
Chain slings must be inspected regularly by a competent person, at least once a year.
During the inspection, the chain is checked for wear, permanent elongation caused by overloading, and any other signs of damage or deformation.
If components are repaired or replaced, the chain sling must be proof load tested again, and the inspection records and certificates must be updated accordingly.
A chain sling must be removed from service if:
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It no longer complies with the applicable requirements.
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Any nominal dimension has suffered 10% or more permanent deformation or wear.
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Cracks, deformation, excessive wear, or any other damage are found during inspection.
Knowledge file Safe Lifting
Use lifting equipment safely and correctly. Learn how to sling loads properly and how to inspect, examine, and certify lifting equipment to ensure safe and responsible lifting operations.
